The legal basis for verbal administrative orders (a comparative study)

Research idea: Verbal administrative orders are among the most important topics within the scope of administrative law due to their connection to the legality of administrative work and the guarantee of individual rights on the one hand, and the administration's authority to issue orders and have them carried out by employees in accordance with the administrative hierarchy on the other.

Objective: The research aims to clarify the legal basis for the legality of implementing verbal administrative orders and to determine the legal responsibility for implementing unlawful verbal administrative orders.

Importance: The principle of legality is one of the fundamental principles of the legal structure of the state. Based on this principle, the administration is subject to the law in all its actions, whether written or verbal. This highlights the importance of the legal basis for verbal administrative orders in terms of the need to strike a balance between their implementation in a legally formal manner to ensure legality and transparency, and the requirements of speed in the completion of administrative tasks.

Methodes: The methodology used in this research is the comparative analytical approach, which is based on analyzing jurisprudential opinions, legal texts, and judicial rulings and comparing them with the French, Egyptian, and Iraqi systems.