American Policy toward Angola since 2002
Pages
119-148Abstract
Research Idea: U.S. policy toward Angola underwent significant changes after 2002, following the end of the Angolan Civil War, which lasted 27 years, from 1975 to 2002. Cooperation between the United States and Angola expanded across the political, economic, and security spheres, while bilateral relations were further strengthened through numerous official meetings between the leaders of the two countries. This development eventually led to Angola becoming a strategic partner of the United States in Southern Africa. U.S. policy toward Angola has been driven by several motives, most notably strategic and economic considerations. At the same time, this policy has been influenced by broader international developments.
Objective: This research aims to trace the evolution of U.S. policy toward Angola after 2002, examine the underlying motivations shaping that policy, and identify major U.S. projects and initiatives in Angola.
Methodology: The research adopts a case study approach, which is widely used in research in the social sciences and humanities.
Results: The research finds that Angola has occupied an increasingly important position in U.S. policy and that its significance has grown alongside the expansion of U.S. interests and the diversification of American investments in Angola.
Conclusion: The study concludes that U.S. policy toward Angola has developed to the point that Angola has become a strategic partner of the United States.
Keywords:
References
- References:
- Abdallah, H. I., & Abdul Salam, A. (2021, April). Rethinking Russian foreign policy towards Africa: Prospects and opportunities for cooperation in new geopolitical realities. European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences – EJ-SOCIAL, 1(2), London.
- https://doi.org/10.24018/ejsocial.2021.1.2.24
- Africa Center for Strategic Studies. (2019, May). Recommended US response to Russian activities in Africa. Washington, DC: Africa Center for Strategic Studies.
- https://africacenter.org/experts/joseph-siegle/recommended-us-response-to-russian-activities-in-africa/
- Africa Press. (2023, December 2). USA and Angola open new era in strategic partnership. Africa Press – Angola.
- https://www.africa-press.net/angola/all-news/usa-and-angola-open-new-era-in-strategic-partnership
- Africa Press. (2026, February). Angola’s strategic role between Africa and Europe. https://www.africa-press.net/angola/all-news/angolas-strategic-role-between-africa-and-europe
- African Development Bank Group. (2025). Country focus report 2025: Angola—Making Angola’s capital work better for its development. Abidjan: AfDB.
- https://www.afdb.org/en/documents/country-focus-report-2025-angola-making-angolas-capital-work-better-its-development
- Agyemfra, A. A. A. (2023). Africa’s stance in the Russia–Ukrainian war: An opportunity for partnership with China and Russia. Hungarian Journal of African Studies, 17(1), 45–62. Budapest: University of Pécs, Pécs Africa Research Centre, Publikon Publishers.
- https://doi.org/10.15170/AT.2023.17.1.2
- America Times. (2024, January 24). The United States and Angola: Partnering for prosperity. America Times.
- https://www.america-times.com/the-united-states-and-angola-partnering-for-prosperity/
- Anami, L. (2024, October 3). Tanzania joins Lobito Corridor linking Indian Ocean to Atlantic. The EastAfrican.
- https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business-tech/tanzania-joins-lobito-corridor-linking-indian-ocean-to-atlantic-4784916
- Bailey, E. (2023). Angola: Geography and cartography. EBSCO Research.
- https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/geography-and-cartography/angola
- BBC. (2026, March 24). Inside the alleged Russian operation to trigger anti-government protests in Angola. BBC News.
- https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1mklzkz41jo
- Cain, A. (2013). Angola: Land resources and conflict. In J. Unruh & R. Williams (Eds.), Land and post-conflict peacebuilding, Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, 177-204.
- https://www.environmentalpeacebuilding.org/assets/documents/3058095a.pdf
- Carvalho, R. (2026, February 17). Angola emerges as strategic link between Africa and Europe. Further Africa.
- https://furtherafrica.com/2026/02/17/angola-strategic-link-africa-europe/
- Clynch, H. (2025, November 10). Boost for Angola as JP Morgan returns to dollar clearing. African Business.
- https://african.business/2025/11/finance-services/boost-for-angola-as-jp-morgan-returns-to-dollar-clearing
- Cook, N. (2024). Angola: Key Developments and U.S. Relations, CRS Report R48208, Congressional Research Service. U.S. Congress.
- https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R48208
- Council on Foreign Relations. (2007, May 3). U.S. must strengthen ties with Angola to protect strategic energy and security interests. Council on Foreign Relations.
- https://www.cfr.org/articles/us-must-strengthen-ties-angola-protect-strategic-energy-and-security-interests
- Critical Minerals Africa. (2026, May 8). Angola strengthens global investment drive across oil, gas and mineral resources.
- https://cmagafrica.com/angola-strengthens-global-investment-drive-across-oil-gas-and-mineral-resources/
- Cross-Border Road Transport Agency. (2021). Angola: Country profile report (2020–2021) Pretoria: CBRTA. 1-85.
- https://www.cbrta.co.za/uploads/files/Angola-Country-Report-March-2021.pdf
- Czerep, J. (2018, November). Russia’s political offensive in Africa. Strategic File, No. 1(88). Warsaw: The Polish Institute of International Affairs (PISM).
- https://pism.pl/publications/Russias_Political_Offensive_in_Africa
- DIPLO NEWS. (2023). Historical meeting between Presidents João Lourenço and Joe Biden at the White House. Ministry of Finance of Angola, No. 11.
- https://www.ucm.minfin.gov.ao/cs/groups/public/documents/document/aw4z/nzm2/~edisp/minfin3736635.pdf
- Fialho, J. A., & Vicente, M. (2026). Mining 2026: Angola. Chambers and Partners.
- https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/mining-2026/angola
- Friends of Socialist China. (2024, March 22). China, Angola upgrade ties to comprehensive strategic cooperative partnership.
- https://socialistchina.org/2024/03/22/china-angola-upgrade-ties-to-comprehensive-strategic-cooperative-partnership/
- Chilamphuma, E. (2025). Angola–China relations enter a new phase of strategic cooperation. Further Africa.
- https://furtherafrica.com/2025/09/03/angola-china-relations-enter-a-new-phase-of-strategic-cooperation/
- Goncharov, V. (2024, December 6). Angola – a shift in bias towards the US. Part 3. New Eastern Outlook. https://journal-neo.su/2024/12/06/angola-a-shift-in-bias-towards-the-us-p-3/
- Goumidi, A. (2023). Russian foreign policy towards Africa: Historical background and future prospects. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Dış Ticaret Dergisi, 1(4), 13–26.
- https://doi.org/10.62101/iticudisticaretdergisi.1330285
- Leandro, F. J. B. S., Li, Y., & Costa, C. M. (2024). Forty years of China–Angola relations: Rethinking the strategic partnership. In Y. Li, F. J. B. S. Leandro, J. Tavares da Silva, & C. Rodrigues (Eds.), The Palgrave Handbook on China–Europe–Africa Relations (483–520). Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-5640-7_23
- Lobito Corridor Investment Promotion Authority. (2024). Lobito Corridor.
- https://www.lobitocorridor.org/
- Macau Business. (2019, February). President of the United States congratulates reforms and fight against corruption in Angola. Macau News Agency.
- https://macaubusiness.com/president-of-the-united-states-congratulates-reforms-and-fight-against-corruption-in-angola/
- Machado, P. (2021). Assessing China and Angola relations: The implications of the ‘Angola model’ of economic development. Working Paper 01/2021, Research Group in International Relations, Security and Defence, CIEP – Centro de Investigação do Instituto de Estudos Políticos, Universidade Católica Portuguesa. 1-16.
- https://ciencia.ucp.pt/ws/portalfiles/portal/99626396/91676637.pdf
- Mai, V. A., Wisner, F. G., Nash, W. L., & Council on Foreign Relations. (2007). Rethinking U.S. strategy toward Angola. Council on Foreign Relations.
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep00269.11?seq=1
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. (2018, March 3). Comment by the Information and Press Department on Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov’s visit to Angola, Namibia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Ethiopia. https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/1565242/
- Nantulya, P. (2025, December 9). China’s critical minerals strategy in Africa. Africa Center for Strategic Studies. Washington, DC.
- https://africacenter.org/spotlight/china-africa-critical-minerals/
- Office of the United States Trade Representative. (2024, June). USTR releases 2024 biennial report on the implementation of the African Growth and Opportunity Act. U.S. Trade Representative.
- https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2024/june/ustr-releases-2024-biennial-report-implementation-african-growth-and-opportunity-act
- Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2020). Country and territory profiles: Angola. OECD. https://www.sng-wofi.org/country/angola.html
- Penha, E. A. (2016). Angola’s geopolitical dilemma: Between the African “Heartland” and the South Atlantic. Tensões Mundiais, 12(22), 177-202.
- https://doi.org/10.33956/tensoesmundiais.v12i22.395
- Roque, P. C. (2023, December 6). Angola shows how overriding democracy is America’s new realpolitik in Africa. The Brenthurst Foundation.
- https://www.thebrenthurstfoundation.org/news/angola-shows-how-overriding-democracy-is-america-s-new-realpolitik-in-africa/
- Simakoloyi, Z., & Nhamirre, B. (2024, August). Cementing US-Angola ties: The significance of Biden’s visit. Institute for Security Studies (ISS Africa).
- https://issafrica.org/iss-today/cementing-us-angola-ties-significance-biden-visit
- Tucker, S. (2025, February 28). Competing for Africa’s resources: How the US and China invest in critical minerals. Stimson Center.
- https://www.stimson.org/2025/competing-for-africas-resources-how-the-us-and-china-invest-in-critical-minerals/
- The American Presidency Project. (2023, November 30). FACT SHEET: The U.S.–Angola partnership. University of California, Santa Barbara.
- https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/fact-sheet-angola-partnership
- The American Presidency Project. (2024, December 2). FACT SHEET: President Biden’s trip to Angola. University of California, Santa Barbara.
- https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/fact-sheet-president-bidens-angola
- Trading Economics. (2021). Russia exports to Angola. Trading Economics.
- https://tradingeconomics.com/russia/exports/angola
- United States Department of State. (2015). 2015 investment climate statements: Angola. U.S. Department of State.
- https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/241669.pdf
- U.S. Department of State. (2022, March 30). Integrated Country Strategy (ICS) – Angola (Public Release). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of State.
- https://2021-2025.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/ICS_Angola_Public.pdf
- United States Department of State. (2025). Conflict diamonds and the Kimberley Process. U.S. Department of State.
- https://2021-2025.state.gov/conflict-diamonds-and-the-kimberley-process/
- United States Department of State. (2025). 2025 investment climate statements: Angola. U.S. Department of State.
- https://www.state.gov/reports/2025-investment-climate-statements/angola
- U.S. Department of Commerce. (2025, February 25). Angola: Critical minerals. International Trade Administration.
- https://www.trade.gov/market-intelligence/angola-critical-minerals
- U.S. Department of Commerce. (2025, July 22). Angola: Oil and gas industry growth. International Trade Administration. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce. https://www.trade.gov/angola-oil-and-gas-industry-growth
- U.S. Department of State. (2009, November16). Daily press briefing: November 2009. U.S. Department of State.
- https://2009-2017.state.gov/prs/2009/131982.htm
- U.S. Department of State. (2009, November 16). Press statement: U.S. and Angola Hold Strategic Partnership Dialogue Meetings. U.S. Department of State. https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2009/nov/131991.htm
- U.S. Department of State. (2010, July 8). MOU Establishing U.S.-Angola Strategic Partnership Dialogue. U.S. Department of State.
- https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2010/07/144139.htm
- U.S. Department of State. (2015, November 27). U.S.-Angola Strategic Dialogue. U.S. Department of State.
- https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/2015/11/250123.htm
- U.S. Department of State. (2016, September 26). U.S. Relations With Angola, Fact Sheet, Bureau of African Affairs. U.S. Department of State.
- https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/6619.htm
- U.S. Department of State. (2022, March 30). Integrated Country Strategy: Angola. Washington, DC: United States Department of State.
- https://2021-2025.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/ICS_AF_Angola_pdf
- U.S. Department of State. (2025, June 27). Peace agreement between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of Rwanda. Bureau of African Affairs.
- https://www.state.gov/peace-agreement-between-the-democratic-republic-of-the-congo-and-the-republic-of-rwanda
- U.S. Department of War. (2024, May 28). Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin III remarks welcoming Angolan Minister of National Defense João Ernesto dos Santos to the Pentagon. Transcript.
- https://www.war.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/3788893/secretary-of-defense-lloyd-j-austin-iii-remarks-welcoming-angolan-minister-of-n/
- U.S. Embassy to Angola and São Tomé and Príncipe. (2008). United States Agency for International Development. U.S. Embassy Luanda.
- https://ao.usembassy.gov/u-s-embassy-luanda/sections-and-offices/united-states-agency-for-international-development/
- Vines, A. (2025, December 18). Caught in the corridor: Angola, Europe and America. European Council on Foreign Relations.
- https://ecfr.eu/article/caught-in-the-corridor-angola-europe-and-america/
- Weissert, W. (2024, December 3). WATCH: Biden says U.S. ‘all in’ on Africa during Angola visit meant to counter China. PBS NewsHour. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/watch-live-biden-delivers-remarks-at-angolas-national-slavery-museum-during-africa-visit
Identifiers
Download this PDF file
Statistics
How to Cite
Copyright and Licensing

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.



